{"id":217,"date":"2020-06-03T10:07:45","date_gmt":"2020-06-03T08:07:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lifelonghearing.com\/?p=217"},"modified":"2025-05-15T12:02:57","modified_gmt":"2025-05-15T12:02:57","slug":"mai-mult-decat-suma-partilor-sale","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lifelonghearing.com\/ro\/mai-mult-decat-suma-partilor-sale\/","title":{"rendered":"Mai mult dec\u00e2t suma p\u0103r\u021bilor sale"},"content":{"rendered":"
<\/span><\/div>

Cea de-a doua ureche este mai mult dec\u00e2t o simpl\u0103 rezerv\u0103 pentru auzul nostru: ne faciliteaz\u0103 \u00een mod semnificativ via\u021ba de zi cu zi. Acesta este motivul pentru care exper\u021bii ne recomand\u0103 restabilirea auzului la ambele urechi.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00cen 1984, oamenii de \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103 americani Fred H. Bess \u0219i Anne Marie Tharpe au publicat date cu privire la efectele pierderii auditive unilaterale la copii, care au fost sus\u021binute de multe alte studii \u00een urm\u0103torii ani: copiii cu pierdere de auz unilateral\u0103 sunt mai predispu\u0219i la dificult\u0103\u021bi, fie de vorbire \u0219i dezvoltarea limbajului, fie \u00een educa\u021bie \u0219i evolu\u021biile socio-emo\u021bionale \u00een compara\u021bie cu colegii lor cu auz normal la ambele urechi. Ei au ar\u0103tat, de asemenea, o mai slab\u0103 \u00een\u021belegere a vorbirii \u0219i a localizarii sunetului.<\/p>\n

Acest lucru afecteaz\u0103 \u0219i performan\u021bele \u0219colare: \u00een r\u00e2ndul acestor copii, procentul de elevi care au avut nevoie s\u0103 repete cel pu\u021bin un an a fost mai mare dec\u00e2t media \u0219i p\u00e2n\u0103 la 60% au solicitat \u0219colarizare suplimentar\u0103 timp de c\u00e2\u021biva ani. Copiii cu hipoacuzie unilateral\u0103 care nu au primit nici un sprijin suplimentar s-au confruntat cu probleme \u0219colare mai severe dec\u00e2t cei cu hipoacuzie bilateral\u0103 profund\u0103.<\/p>\n

Adul\u021bii cu hipoacuzie unilateral\u0103 nu prezint\u0103 astfel de efecte negative asupra dezvolt\u0103rii limbajului sau a realiz\u0103rilor academice, totu\u0219i se confrunt\u0103 cu dificult\u0103\u021bi \u00een familie \u0219i \u00een via\u021ba profesional\u0103. \u00cen general, at\u00e2t adul\u021bii, c\u00e2t \u0219i copiii cu deficien\u021be de auz unilaterale sufer\u0103 de o calitate a vie\u021bii redus\u0103.<\/p>\n

Pus la \u00eencercare<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201eAm iubit \u00eentotdeauna muzica\u201d, recunoa\u0219te Ewald Thurner, Area Manager la MED-EL Vienna. El \u00ee\u0219i aminte\u0219te din adolescen\u021b\u0103: \u201eTat\u0103l meu avea un magnetofon imens, vechi. C\u00e2nd utilizezi dou\u0103 microfoane, po\u021bi \u00eenregistra stereo. Un efect tehnic special l-a impresionat profund: \u201e Magnetofonul avea un buton pe care era inscrip\u021bionat Mono: C\u00e2nd \u00eenchideam ochii \u0219i ascultatam \u00eenregistrarea stereo, aproape c\u0103 vedeam orchestra c\u00e2nt\u00e2nd \u00een fa\u021ba mea. C\u00e2nd ap\u0103sam butonul Mono, lumea din jurul meu era brusc limitat\u0103 ca \u0219i cum o linie \u00eengust\u0103 trecea chiar prin capul meu.\u201d El clatin\u0103 din cap ca \u0219i cum ar vrea s\u0103 se scuture de aceste amintiri. \u201eAcest efect m-a impresionat profund, l-am \u00eencercat din nou \u0219i din nou.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201eDac\u0103 magnetofonul ar fi avut un buton\u201e unilateral \u201d, ar fi lipsit \u0219i mai multe informa\u021bii sonore dec\u00e2t cu setarea mono\u201d, este convins Thurner. Pentru a \u00een\u021belege pe deplin auzul unilateral, pute\u021bi scoate un difuzor al unui sistem stereo \u0219i nu utiliza\u021bi acea ie\u0219ire.<\/p>\n

U\u0219urin\u021ba auzului binaural<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201eCombina\u021bia dintre suma binaural\u0103, mascarea binaural\u0103 \u0219i efectul de barier\u0103 a craniului fac ca auzul \u0219i \u00een\u021belegerea s\u0103 fie f\u0103r\u0103 efort. De acest lucru se bucur\u0103 persoanele cu auz bilateral \u201c, scrie Judith E.C. Lieu \u00een lucrarea sa \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 despre avantajele auzului bilateral. Suma binaural\u0103 este u\u0219or de \u00een\u021beles \u0219i mai ales remarcabil\u0103 \u00een cazul sunetelor joase: c\u00e2nd auzi cu dou\u0103 urechi, auzi totul de dou\u0103 ori \u0219i, prin urmare, mai tare. Citatul lui Aristotel este sugestiv \u201e\u00centregul este mai mult dec\u00e2t suma p\u0103r\u021bilor sale\u201d – este valabil \u0219i pentru auzul bilateral, adic\u0103 binaural. Pentru a explica factorii suplimentari, trebuie s\u0103 privi\u021bi fizica din spate.<\/p>\n

Cercet\u0103torii de la renumitul Institut de Cercetare Acustic\u0103 din Viena, care face parte din Academia Austriac\u0103 de \u0218tiin\u021be, studiaz\u0103 rela\u021biile fizice \u0219i psihoacustice ale auzului cu \u0219i f\u0103r\u0103 dispozitive auditive. Fizica consider\u0103 calota cranian\u0103 un obstacol pentru undele sonore care creeaz\u0103 o umbr\u0103 pentru anumite frecven\u021be. Pentru unele tonuri, acest lucru duce la diferen\u021be de nivel \u00eentre ambele urechi (fig. 1). Mai mult, sunetul poate ajunge la ambele urechi \u00een acela\u0219i moment, numai dac\u0103 sursa de sunet este amplasat\u0103 exact central, \u00een spatele sau deasupra ascult\u0103torului. Orice alt\u0103 amplasare va duce la o \u00eent\u00e2rziere minim\u0103 \u00eentre cele dou\u0103 urechi (fig. 2). Exper\u021bii numesc acest lucru diferen\u021ba de timp interaural\u0103.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

P\u0103r\u021bile care proceseaz\u0103 sunetul auzului nostru folosesc aceste mici diferen\u021be pentru a determina pozi\u021bia unei surse de sunet. Dac\u0103 exist\u0103 mai multe surse de sunet, acest fenomen ajut\u0103 la suprimarea zgomotului care interfereaz\u0103.<\/p>\n

Creierul nostru vrea s\u0103 \u00eenve\u021be – s\u0103 aud\u0103<\/strong><\/p>\n

Surditatea unilateral\u0103 are efecte de anvergur\u0103 asupra creierului. Profesorul Andrej Kral este neurolog audiologic manager la Facultatea de Medicina din Hanovra, Germania. \u00centr-un interviu pentru o revist\u0103 german\u0103, el a eviden\u021biat plasticitatea creierului: \u201ePierderea auzului care duce la un dezechilibru, fie \u00eentre ambele urechi, fie \u00eentre frecven\u021be, este un factor deosebit de eficient pentru procesele de plasticitate\u201d.<\/p>\n

Partea auditiv\u0103 a creierului va fi reorganizat\u0103, iar p\u0103r\u021bile neutilizate ale sistemului central auditiv vor fi utilizate pentru alte func\u021bii auditive. Acest lucru este valabil pentru \u00eentreaga noastr\u0103 via\u021b\u0103, dar efectele sunt deosebit de puternice \u00een copil\u0103rie: \u201eMajoritatea sinapselor din cortexul auditiv \u00eencep s\u0103 se dezvolte dup\u0103 na\u0219tere \u0219i se bazeaz\u0103 pe aportul auditiv. Dac\u0103 acest lucru lipse\u0219te, va exista o \u00eent\u00e2rziere \u00een dezvoltarea sinaptic\u0103 \u0219i multe sinapse se vor retrage ulterior. \u201d<\/p>\n

\u201e\u00centr-un studiu din 2013 am demonstrat c\u0103 diferen\u021bele distincte dintre urechea st\u00e2ng\u0103 \u0219i cea dreapt\u0103 duc la o reorganizare a plasticit\u0103\u021bii creierului \u0219i, \u00een consecin\u021b\u0103, la o ureche mai puternic\u0103 \u0219i o ureche mai slab\u0103 \u201d, explic\u0103 Kral efectele auzului unilateral pe termen lung. La fel ca alte abilit\u0103\u021bi auditive, auzul binaural se dezvolt\u0103, \u00een principal, \u00een anii copil\u0103riei.<\/p>\n

Implanturi auditive pentru auz binaural<\/strong><\/p>\n

Pentru copiii cu deficien\u021be de auz, exper\u021bii \u0219i asocia\u021biile profesionale din multe \u021b\u0103ri recomand\u0103 dispozitive auditive la ambele urechi. Multe autorit\u0103\u021bi na\u021bionale de s\u0103n\u0103tate furnizeaz\u0103 aparate auditive sau implanturi binaurale adul\u021bilor care lucreaz\u0103, deoarece auzul cu dou\u0103 urechi le va \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bi \u00een\u021belegerea vorbirii, \u00een special \u00een ceea ce prive\u0219te zgomotul de fond.<\/p>\n

Ewald Thurner, de profesie inginer, este responsabil de asisten\u021ba tehnic\u0103 pentru utilizatorii de implanturi cohleare din 1993. El \u00ee\u0219i aminte\u0219te c\u0103 prima implantare cohlear\u0103 bilateral\u0103 a fost \u00een 1996. \u201eCu un implant cohlear la o ureche, utilizatorii, care nu auzeau nimic \u00eenainte, au ajuns la o \u00een\u021belegere destul de bun\u0103 a vorbirii. Cu toate acestea, au depus mult efort de ascultare pentru a urm\u0103ri conversa\u021biile de zi cu zi. Aceste eforturi de ascultare au fost reduse drastic dup\u0103 implantarea ambelor urechi. Ascultarea a devenit pur \u0219i simplu mai u\u0219oar\u0103. \u201d<\/p>\n

Cercet\u0103rile au dovedit mult timp avantajele auzului binaural, spune Institutul de Cercet\u0103ri Acustice. \u201eNumeroase studii clinice au demonstrat \u00een mod clar avantajele implant\u0103rii cohleare bilaterale. Comparativ cu utilizatorii unilaterali ai CI, cei implanta\u021bi bilateral au abilit\u0103\u021bi mai bune de localizare a sunetului \u0219i o mai bun\u0103 \u00een\u021belegere a vorbirii \u00een medii zgomotoase.\u201d<\/p>\n

\n

Avantajele auzului binaural \u0219i ale implant\u0103rii bilaterale<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  • Localizare: Este posibil s\u0103 determina\u021bi acustic de unde vine un sunet. Acest lucru este deosebit de important \u00een situa\u021bii periculoase.<\/li>\n
  • \u00cen\u021belegerea vorbirii \u00een medii zgomotoase: Multe situa\u021bii zilnice \u0219i o mare parte a vie\u021bii noastre sociale se desf\u0103\u0219oar\u0103 \u00eentr-un mediu zgomotos<\/li>\n
  • Cre\u0219terea nivelului de volum: Ascultarea cu dou\u0103 urechi cre\u0219te volumul sunetului. Acest lucru poate fi esen\u021bial pentru auzul sunetelor joase.<\/li>\n
  • Auz echilibrat – o impresie auditiv\u0103 tridimensional\u0103<\/li>\n
  • \u00centotdeauna auzi\u021bi \u0219i \u00een\u021belege\u021bi bine, indiferent de unde provine sunetul<\/li>\n
  • Dezvoltarea mai rapid\u0103 a auzului \u0219i vorbirii la copii<\/li>\n
  • Ascultarea \u201emai u\u0219oar\u0103\u201d: efortul redus de ascultare duce la oboseal\u0103 mai mic\u0103 \u0219i la o concentrare mai bun\u0103<\/li>\n
  • Mai mult\u0103 siguran\u021b\u0103 \u00een situa\u021biile de zi cu zi, deoarece utilizatorii pot auzi \u0219i localiza mai bine semnalele de avertizare<\/li>\n
  • Nu are loc o privare unilateral\u0103: o lips\u0103 pe termen lung de informa\u021bii auditive asupra nervului auditiv, adic\u0103 o lips\u0103 de stimulare neuronal\u0103 \u0219i privare, poate avea consecin\u021be de anvergur\u0103 pentru anumite zone cerebrale neuronale \u0219i corticale. Ar putea duce la o retragere a structurilor auditive necesare sau la dezvoltarea senza\u021biilor fantom\u0103.<\/li>\n
  • Efecte pozitive pentru persoanele predispuse la tinitus, a\u0219a cum se \u00eent\u00e2lne\u0219te adesea \u00een cazul hipoacuzicilor.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Cea de-a doua ureche este mai mult dec\u00e2t o simpl\u0103 rezerv\u0103 pentru auzul nostru: ne faciliteaz\u0103 \u00een mod semnificativ via\u021ba de zi cu zi. Acesta este motivul pentru care exper\u021bii ne recomand\u0103 restabilirea auzului la ambele urechi.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":32083,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[488],"tags":[419],"class_list":["post-217","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-stiinta","tag-bilateral"],"yoast_head":"\nMai mult dec\u00e2t suma p\u0103r\u021bilor sale<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Our second ear is more than a backup for our hearing: it makes our life easier. 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